Apush Unit 5 Essay Example

Apush Unit 5 Essay Example Apush Unit 5 Paper Apush Unit 5 Paper Essay Topic: The Bean Eaters Uncle Toms Cabin What was the compromise of 1850? The Compromise of 1850 was a series of five bills that were intended to stave off sectional strife. Its goal was to deal with the spread of slavery to territories in order to keep northern and southern interests in balance. What was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850? The passage of this Act along with slaveholding rights in Texas allowed California to enter the union as a free state and prohibited the slave trade in the District of Columbia. a. What was the California Gold Rush? (1848-1859). The Gold Rush was one of the most significant events in California history. It brought people from all over the United States and the world in search for gold. b. Who discovered the Gold? .1848-James Marshall discovers gold at Sutters sawmill c. When did it start to attract people? 1849-Gold Rush starts to attract people from around the world d. When did California become a state? 1850-California becomes a state e. When and why did the Gold Rush end? .1859-Discovery of silver in Nevada ends the California Gold Rush Who was Charles Pickney? He was a politician who signed the U. S. Constitution Who was John Taylor? He took a stance against the extension of slavery along with people such as John Quincy Adams. Who was Mathew Perry? A commodore sent by President Fillmore to Japan, he succeeded in getting Japan to sigh the Treaty of Kanugawa. What was the Election of 1852? Pierce won the presidency against Scott and Hale. It marked the end of the Whig Party. What was the Significance of Uncle Toms Cabin? Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, it helped gain widespread support for the abolitionist cause. It was one of the causes of the civil war, gaining millions of anti-slavery sympathizers worldwide. Who was John C. Calhoun? A senator who championed for the south, he believed the issue of slavery would divide the nation and rejected Clays proposed concessions. He wanted the north to leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, and restore the political balance between the north and south. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? The act was made by Stephen Douglass, it split Nebraska into two territories, Nebraska and Kansas. The status of slavery would now be settle by popular sovereignty. Contradictory to earlier Acts. What was Biblical Defense? The southern defense of slavery by saying that the bible allowed it. Southerners believed that Blacks were the descendants of Canaan, who were cursed to be slaves for all eternity. Therefore, it was supposedly the divine decree of God that gave the black people the liability of being enslaved by white people and justified the degradation of the entire race What was the Mud-Sill Theory? Mudsill theory is a sociological theory which proposes that there must be, and always has been, a lower class for the upper classes to rest upon. The nference being a mudsill, the lowest threshold that supports the foundation for a building. Who was George Fitzhugh? George Fitzhugh was a Virginia lawyer and the author of two books (Sociology for the South and Cannibals All! ) and numerous articles advocating slavery. Who was Stephen Douglas? American politician, leader of the Democratic Party, and orator who espoused the cause of popular sovereignty in relation to the issue of slavery in the territorie s before the American Civil War (1861–65). What was the Know-nothing party? U. S. political party that flourished in the 1850s. The Know-Nothing party was an outgrowth of the strong anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment that started to manifest itself during the 1840s. Who were the Free-soilers? (1848–54), minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories. What is the Ostend Manifesto? communication from three U. S. diplomats to Secretary of State William L. Marcy, advocating U. S. seizure of Cuba from Spain; the incident marked the high point of the U. S. xpansionist drive in the Caribbean in the 1850s. What is Popular Sovereignty? a controversial political doctrine that the people of federal territories should decide for themselves whether their territories would enter the Union as free or slave states. What was the U. S’s foreign policy in central America? The U. S. did not want Brittan to control the atlantic to pacific trade. So they and New Granada, later became know n as Colombia, signed a treaty giving the U. S. the right to transit across the thin area of land in that area. What was the U. S. ’s foreign policy in Cuba? Southerners started eyeing what remained of Spain’s new world empire. They thought since there was a large population of slaves there that it would become a slave state, thus restoring the political balance in congress. What was the forein policy in china? President tyler dispatched caleb cushing to secure camparable concessions for U. S. and they sighned the Treaty of Wanghia with china. What was the foreign policy with japan? The Tokugawa Shogunate was protective of japan and prohibited foreign sailors. Then America pribe japan with technology and they sighned the treaty of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854. Who is william walker? A brazen american adventurer who tried reapeatedly to gain control of central america and instaled himself as president in july 1856 A. Who is charles sumner? A tall and imposing figure, was a leadind abolitionist one of the few in prominent in political life. B. What speach did charles sumner give and why? The crime against kansas. He gave this speech because the turbulent miscarrige of popular sovereignty. Who ran in the elction of 1856 and won? Buchanan ran for president against Fremont and Fillmore and Buchanan won the wo other candidates with 174 electoral votes. What was dred scott v. Sanford? It was a case where scott a black slave was sueing for freedom because he was in free soil but The court ruled Scott a slave and he couldnt sue in federal courts. What was Lecompton Constitution? A tricky document saying people couldnt vote for ir against the constitution as a whole but the costituition with or without slavery. Who was Millard Fillmore? He was an ex -president and was nominated in 1856 to run Know-nothing party. He also dispatched to japan a fleet of war ships. What was the Panic of 1857? The panic of 1857 was a financial panic in the United States caused by the declining international economy and over-expansion of the domestic economy What were the Lincoln-Douglas debates? 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate Who was James Buchanan? James Buchanan was the 15th president and was a popular and experienced state politician and a successful attorney before his presidency Who was John C. Fremont? He was an American military officer,explorer, and the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. What was The Attack on Harpers Ferry? The Attack on Harpers Ferry was when John Brown and his men attacked the U. S. Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. An arsenal is a place where military weapons are stored. John Brown wanted to seize the arsenal because he thought by stealing weapons he could help free some slaves. He would get slaves and other abolitionists to begin a battle against slave owners. The Raid at Harpers Ferry became one of the causes of the Civil War. What was The Election of 1860? The election of 1860 included the following candidates: Abraham Lincoln John Bell John Breckenrige Stephen DouglasThe election of 1860 was mostly over the controversial issue of slavery. Abraham Lincoln won a bitter election Who was John Bell? was a U. S. politician, attorney, and plantation owner. A wealthy slaveholder from Tennessee, Bell served in the United States Congress in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He began his career as a Democrat, he eventually fell out with Andrew Jackson and became a Whig. In 1860, he was among the three presidential candidates defeated by Abraham Lincoln in a bitterly divided election that helped spark the American Civil War. Who was john Breckenridge A Political leader who favored the extension of slavery. His opponents were Douglas and Bell. He polled fewer votes in slave states than the combined strength of his opponents. Showing that because of Uncle toms cabin American was mainly abolitionists. Who was Abraham Lincoln? 16th President of the United States, 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) ho was the first to secede? south carolina was the first state to secede What was Fort Summter? Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War, no deaths What was the confederacy? The confederacy was the name taken by the states that seceded from the union. What is the Crittenden Compromise? It was the final attempt to compromise which proposed to extend the old Missouri Compromise line. North of the line would be free and the south would be a slave area. What is the Morrill Tariff of 1861? It raised the tariff of 5% to 10% which aimed at raising revenue What was the Union? It was the northern states which fought during the civil war against the confederacy What is the Secession of upper south? It was when the southern states withdrew from the union and started the Confederate States of America What was the North’s advantage during the war? The north had a much larger military, they had 7x the manufacturing power then the south, and immigrants preferred to go to the north increasing the population What are â€Å"Fire Eaters†? They were an extreme group of pro-slavery politicians who were from the south and advocated the break away from the union and create a new nation. Who was Jefferson Davis why was he important? Born in 1808, Jefferson Davis was the President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He was unsuccessful in his leadership against the Union largely due to his lack of organization, inability to delegate responsibility, and minor feuds with other statesmen. After the war, he was imprisoned for two years and indicted for treason but never tried. Slave Border States a. Why were there slave border states? Identify their importance during the Civil War. The Lincoln administration regarded border states, critical because of their geographical positions and questionable in loyalty because of their strong ties to both South and North. Slavery existed in the states represented a serious dilemma for President Lincoln. b. What did Lincoln think about the border states? He was convinced that they were the key to victory, he could not afford to alienate them with his emancipation policies, thus incurred the scorn of Radicals by failing to abolish border-state slavery until the 13th Amendment, passed in 1865. . what was happening in the western border states? And in the Western border states Federal troops had to be kept from the front lines to hold the occupied territory from Confederate invaders. d. what else did soldiers do in the slave holding border states? Soldiers also policed the polls to protect loyal Unionists during wartime elections. e. extra stuff †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Though the borde r states remained pro-Union, even severely divided Kentucky and Missouri, the effort to nurture their loyalty in the face of bitter internal struggles weighed heavily on Lincolns overall plan to win the war. . Identify the slave border states Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri F2 Delaware the Civil War tore Delaware apart just as the United States of America as a whole was torn asunder. Delawareans anxiously watched the storm clouds of war grow ever darker throughout the fateful election year of 1860. The war tore apart towns, old friendships, and even families, as Delawareans learned firsthand what a house divided really meant. F3Maryland one of the border states. The first fatalities of the war happened during the Baltimore Riot of 1861, and the single bloodiest day of combat in American military history occurred near Sharpsburg, Maryland, at the Battle of Antietam, which provided the opportunity for President Abraham Lincoln to issue his famed Emancipation Proclamation. The 1864 Battle of Monocacy helped delay a Confederate army bent on striking the Federal capital of Washington, D. C.. F4 Kentucky Kentucky was one of the border states in the Civil War, both geographically and politically, both Civil War presidents, Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, were Kentucky native sons. F5 Missouri a border state that sent men, armies, generals, and supplies to both opposing sides, had its star on both flags, had separate governments representing each side, and endured a neighbor-against-neighbor intrastate war within the larger national war. The first major Civil War battle west of the Mississippi River was on August 10, 1861 at Wilsons Creek, Missouri, whereas the largest battle in the war west of the Mississippi River was the Battle of Westport at Kansas City in 1864. F6West Virginia formed out of western Virginia and added to the Union as a direct result of the American Civil War; a target of Confederate raids. These actions focused both on supplying the Confederate Army with provisions as well as attacking the vital Baltimore and Ohio Railroad that linked the northeast with the midwest What happened in East Tennessee? Placed the whole state under martial law when Tennessee was already a militarily over ran by South Confederacy, voters declined themselves for the Unions here. What are South advantages during the Civil War? Outstanding general Strong military traditions Strong motivation They were fighting on home ground Skilled with guns horses Cotton exchange What is it Anaconda Plan? First military strategy offered to President Abraham Lincoln for crushing the rebellion of Southern states was devised by Union General-in-Chief Winfield Scott. From April 1 through early May 1861 Scott briefed the president daily, often in person, on the national military situation; the results of these briefings were used by Scott to work out Union military aims What is the 1st Battle of Bull Run? First major land battle of the American Civil War. Known as the First Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas), the engagement began when about 35,000 Union troops marched from the federal capital in Washington, D. C. o strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along a small river known as Bull Run. Trent Affair, what is it? Reflected the uneasy state of international relations created by the war. The Confederacy hoped that England or France, even both, would come to its aid. The importance of cotton in the international marketplace was such, southerners argued, that the industrial powers of Europe co uld not long afford to allow the northern navy to enforce its blockade. The Trent affair was settled through diplomatic evasion and maneuvering, but the international situation remained tense throughtout the war Who is Robert E. Lee? Was a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. Who is Irvin Mc Dowell? Was a career American army officer. He is best known for his defeat in the First Battle of Bull Run, the first large-scale battle of the American Civil War a. Who was George McClellan? a major general during the American Civil War. organized the famous Army of the Potomac. served from November 1861 to March 1862 as general-in-chief of Union Army. b. What was McClellan important for? Raised a well-trained and organized army for the Union. McClellans Peninsula Campaign in 1862 failed by attacks by general Robert E Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. Battle of Antietam blunted Lees invasion of Maryland but allowed Lee to avoid destruction, despite being outnumbered. Abraham Lincoln, removed him from command, first as general-in-chief, then from the Army of the Potomac soon after. What was David Farragut known for? Aided the capture of new Orleans when sent aboard USS Hartford to command the West Gulf Blockading Squadron in early 1862. Farragut got orders to go against the south’s largest city New Orleans. Farragut ordered to open fire on April 18. On April 25, Farragut anchored off New Orleans and accepted the citys surrender. infantry under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler arrived to occupy the city. a. What was Merrimac and monitor? two American warships that fought the first engagement between ironclad ships in the civil war. Merrimac a Confederate ship and Monitor a Union ship. b. what was Merrimac and Monitor important for? Confeds raised Merrimac commanded by Capt. Franklin Buchanan, sailed forth into Hampton Roads against the wooden ships of the Union. rammed and sank many Union ships. as challenged by the strange-looking Union ironclad Monitor. ships engaged in a four-hour close-range duel, which resulted in a draw. This combat marked a revolution in naval warfare. What was Antietam? pursuing Confederate General Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Union Army Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan launched attacks against Lees army behind Antietam Creek. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller s cornfield and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church. Lees invasion of Maryland was ended, and he was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia What was the importance of Emancipation proclamation? September 1862, shortly after the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation. he was dedicated to restoring the Union and not ending slavery entirely. As of January 1, 1863, all slaves were to be freed in those areas still in rebellion. South claimed that they had known all along that Lincoln was an abolitionist. Others feared that the Proclamation would touch off a series of slave rebellions. Who was Ambrose Burnside? -an American soldier, railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a U. S. Senator. Also a Union Army general in the Civil War. His distinctive style of facial hair is now known as sideburns, derived from his last name. What was the Conscription Act 1862? -In April the Confederate Congress passed the Conscription Act which drafted white men between eighteen and thirty-five for three years service in the confederate Army. What is Fredericksburg? -The Battle of Fredericksburg, was launched by Burnside to protest people saying he was unfitness for the responisblilty of Commander of the Army of the Potomac. He launched a rash frontal attack on the Confederates, more than ten thousand Northern Soldiers were killed or woundered in the Burnsides Slaughter Pen What was the Homestead Act 1862? -The Homestead Act declared that any citizen or intended citizen could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants must improve the plot with a dwelling and grow crops. After five years, if the original filer was still on the land, it was his property, free and clear. What was Chancellorsville? -Place of battle during the Civil War (May 2-4 1863). victory for the confederacy. one of Lees most brilliant victories. What was the Morril Land Grant 1862? -Law that provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education. Land Grant colleges most of which became state universities in return bound themeselves to provide things such as military service. What were Copperheads? -Extreme people who were Peace Democrats that didnt want the war. Copperheads openly obstucted the war through attacks against the draft, against linclon, and espicially against the emancipation. What was the enrollment act of 1863? The Union and the Confederacy armies instituted the first federal military draft in American history during the Civil War. he Union resorted to a federal draft in March 1863, President Lincoln signed The Enrollment Act on March 3, 1863, requiring the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants who had filed for citizenship between ages twenty and forty-five. Federal agents established a quota of new troops due from each congressional district. What happened at t he battle of Gettysburg? In July of 1863, General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia of 75,000 men and the 97,000 man Union Army of the Potomac, under George G. Meade, concentrated together at Gettysburg and fought the Battle of Gettysburg. Of the more than 2,000 land engagements of the Civil War, Gettysburg ranks supreme. Although the Battle of Gettysburg did not end the war, it was the great battle of the war, marking the point when the ultimate victory of the North over the South became clear to both sides alike. Who was Dorthea Dix? A noted social reformer, Dix became the Unions Superintendent of Female Nurses during the Civil War. A week after the attack on Fort Sumter, Dix, at age 59, volunteered her services to the Union and received the appointment in June 1861 placing her in charge of all women nurses working in army hospitals. Serving in that position without pay through the entire war, Dix quickly molded her vaguely defined duties. Who was clara barton? Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An angel in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field. What happen at the battle of vicksburg? In May and June of 1863, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s armies converged on Vicksburg, investing the city and entrapping a Confederate army under Lt. Gen. John Pemberton. On July 4, Vicksburg surrendered after prolonged siege operations. This was the culmination of one of the most brilliant military campaigns of the war. With the loss of Pemberton’s army and this vital stronghold on the Mississippi, the Confederacy was effectively split in half. Grants successes in the West boosted his reputation, leading ultimately to his appointment as General-in-Chief of the Union armies. What were the peace democrats? The Democrats were a badly divided political party in the late 1850s, having fallen prey to sectional bickering. They were unable to unify in 1860, a shortcoming that assured the election of Abraham Lincoln. During the course of the Civil War, the Democratic Party in the North comprised two factions one of which was the Peace Democrats What did the Peace democrats believe? Many Democrats within this group hoped that the Union could be salvaged, but felt that military means were not justified. This faction asserted the following: The North was responsible for pushing the South into secession The Republicans were committed to establishing racial equality, a prospect opposed by many working class immigrants who wanted to protect their low-paying jobs and by racists Lincoln had become a tyrant and was bent upon destroying civil liberties The war was a national tragedy and must be ended, even if that meant granting independence to the Confederacy What happen at the battle of chattanooga? a. From the last days of September through October 1863, Gen. Braxton Bragg’s army laid siege to the Union army under Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at Chattanooga, cutting off its supplies. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of the Western armies; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. George Thomas. b. A new supply line was soon established. Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman arrived with his four divisions in mid-November, and the Federals began offensive operations. On November 23-24, Union forces struck out and captured Orchard Knob and Lookout Mountain. On November 25, Union soldiers assaulted and carried the seemingly impregnable Confederate position on Missionary Ridge. One of the Confederacy’s two major armies was routed. The Federals held Chattanooga, the â€Å"Gateway to the Lower South,† which became the supply and logistics base for Sherman’s 1864 Atlanta Campaign. ^^^^Part of same definition. Its just to long to fit on one so yeah†¦. What effects did the Gettysburg address have on the nation? -it boasted the nation moral and it encouraged the nation to keeping fighting. Who won the election of 1864? Abraham Lincoln won the election. Why was Atlanta important to the south? Atlanta was a major railroad hub. What was Sherman’s march to the sea? It was a march when General Sherman and his 100,000 men went from Atlanta to savannah and he destroyed everything in his path. Who changed in command? -grant was moved to the east Tennessee theater while Sherman was entrusted with Georgia conquest. Why was grant transferred? Grant was moved because he was the victor of Vicksburg and he displayed rare skill and daring. Who was William T Sherman? He was a general in the union army. (melissa) What is the Appomattox Courthouse? Before the Civil War, the railroad bypassed Clover Hill, now known as the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. The confederate army (Robert E. Lee) surrendered to the Union (Ulysses S. Grant). Who was Andrew Johnson? he was the first president to be impeached. opposed punitive measures against the south to the ire of radical republicans. When, How, Where was Lincoln assassinated? Five days after the surrender of the confederacy April 14, 1865(Good Friday), at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D. C. a pro-southerner named James Wilkes Booth slipped behind Lincoln and shot him in the head. hat is the 13th amendment? the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. What was Freedman’s Bureau? An agency created by the government that helped and protected newly freed african americans find jobs, homes, education, and a better life. What is Reconstruction? the time period after the civil war when the south was rebuilding. What was Lincolns Plan? -former confederate states would be readmitted to the union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th amendment which outlawed slavery. ot put into effect because lincoln was assassinated. What was the wade-davis bill? in response to Lincolns plan Republicans rammed a bill thorugh congress stating that for a southern state to be readmitted into the Union 50%of its voters had to take an oath of allegiance to the U. S. it also demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation. What was the congressional-reconstruction? the return of 11 ex-confederates to high offices and the passage of the black codes by southern legislatures angered the republicans in congress so that they adopted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective f freed blacks. What was the Civil Rights Act 1866? passed by congress on 9th april 1866 over the veto of president andrew johnson. the act declared that all persons born in the united states were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. What was Johnsons Plan? mirrored lincolns plan but omitted 10% plan, issued proclamation of amnesty but johnson ended up pardoning many former confederates. johnson favored quick reconstruction and wanted former confederate states to return as soon as possible What were Black Codes? Laws or codes passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom of former slaves. What was the Reconstruction proclamation? (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation. What is the 14th Amendment? It gave Citizenship for African Americans, Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, Denied former confederate officials from holding national or state office, rejected confederate debts. What was the Urban League? Civil rights group that advocated against racial discrimination. What was the Reconstruction Act? In (1867) act placing Southern states under military rule and barring former supporters of the Confederacy from voting. what is the purchase of alaska? In December, 1866, the U. S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U. S. hands. Called Sewards Folly and Sewards Icebox, the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U. S. Alaskas resources of fish, timber, oil and gold. What is military reconstruction? In response to white efforts to undermine Reconstruction, the federal government established military rule over the former confederate states what are carpetbaggers? northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction What was the klu klux klan? A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in the South after the Civil War. What was the 15th amendment? Ratified 1870. One of the Reconstruction Amendments. Provided that no government in the United States shall prevent a citizen from voting based on the citizens race, color, or previous condition of servitude What was no women’s vote? when women didn’t have the right to vote What are scalawags? Former slave masters were angered at the sight of former slaves holding office. They lashed out against the freedmen’s white allies. What were the Force Acts? 1870 and 1871. Congress was outraged by the Ku Klux Klan. The acts allowed federal troops to ‘stamp’ them out. What is the Tenure of Office Act? Passed by congress, over-riding Johnson’s veto. The president now had to secure the consent of the senate before he could remove any of his appointees already approved by the senate. Who was Thaddeus Stevens? Persecutor againt Johnson in his court case in the Supreme Court. What happened in 1867 to African Americans? they gained the right to suffrage, Southern black men seized the initiative n began to organize politically. They gained positions in congress and in the house of reps. They were also elected as delegates to the constitutional convention, Who was Hiram Revels? one of the first black senators; took Davis place in the Senate Who was Blanche K. Bruce? African American senator from Mississippi. WHY was Johnson Impeached? Pres. Johnson fired Edwin Stanton so congress impeached him. Compromise of 1877was passed by ? passed by Congress in 1877, set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. It was made to determine which party would win the election. The committee finally determined, without opening the ballots from the 3 disputed states, that the Republicans had been victorious in the disputed ballots from the three states, giving the Republicans the presidency.

AICE Diploma What Is It Should You Get One

AICE Diploma What Is It Should You Get One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are several options for students who wish to accelerate to college-level learning duringtheir high school years. BesidesAP classes and the IB program, there's the AICE Diploma. If you're not very familiar with the AICE program, never fear- this article will bring you up to speed. Here, we'll cover what the diploma is and how you can get it as well as the benefits of pursuing this program (including scholarships and college credit). What Is the AICE Diploma? The Cambridge AICE Diploma(or Cambridge Advanced International Certificate of Education)is an internationally recognized diploma awarded to students for the satisfactory completion of a series of academically rigorous courses specific to AICE in high school. It's viewed as a graduation option in some places:the diploma can stand in for the graduation requirements of certain high schools, although most students will likely earn it in addition to their traditional high school diplomas. The AICE program is also described as an acceleration mechanism, meaning it gets you ready for hard college classes at a more rapid pace than traditional coursework. As withthe AP and IB programs, AICEinvolvesstudying college-level material before you graduate high school. You are also more likely to be accepted into honors classes right away when you get to collegeif you have anAICE (or AP or IB) Diploma under your belt. The whole AICE program is overseen, ultimately, by a branch of the University of Cambridge.The classes are hard, and most are offered at two levels: the Advanced Subsidiary (AS) Level, and the Advanced (A) Level. AS Level classes are one year long and less demanding than their A Level counterparts, which are two years in length. Classes tend to be narrow and specific in focus; the AICE Diploma entails an extremely specialized program. In this way, AICE is more like IB than it is AP (if you're familiar with these programs). With AICE, there are about 50 subjects to choose from across four different groups: Group 1: Mathematics and Sciences Example: Marine Science Group 2: Languages Example: Afrikaans Group 3: Arts and Humanities Example: Hindi Literature Group 4: Interdisciplinary and Skills-Based Subjects Example: Thinking Skills The AICE Diploma is internationally used and recognized, and is accepted at many universities around the world. At some schools, AICE courses will earn you college credits(we'll go over this in more detail when we talk about the benefits of the program shortly). With AICE's degree of international recognition, this is probably a good idea. How to Get an AICE Diploma Students wanting to earn anAICE Diploma must first considerwhether there is a school nearby that offers the program.These AICE classes aren't something you can freelance- you must earn the diploma through an approved school. Andthese schools are much more common overseas than they are in the United States. Furthermore, they'remuch more common in Florida than they are in any other state (though they do exist in the other 49). You can locate the nearest school offering AICE on the Cambridge website. Schools that offer AICE might offer AP and/or IB as well. If you're aiming for a diploma, though, you'll have to commit to one program in the end. You might be able to get a certificate or two from a second program, but don't count on diplomas from the AICE programand the IB program, for instance. Each diploma program entails a number of classes, and it's not practical to think you could fulfill all the requirements of two programs! Once you're enrolled in a program, it's time to think about the classes you'll need to take. Seven credits are required for earning the diploma: one credit each from Groups 1, 2, and 3, and three credits distributed across the groups in any desired combination. The last credit is earned through Cambridge International AS Level Global Perspectives Research.Optionally, up to two credits may be taken fromtheinterdisciplinary and skills-based subjects group.Your exact options when it comes to classes will depend on which courses areoffered at your school. Passing an AS Level exam (corresponding to a one-year course) earns you one credit; passing an A Level exam (corresponding to a two-year course) earns you two credits. You must take all exams within a 25-month period. In each subjectyou can earn an A*, A, B, C, D, or E, or you can fail. An A* is similar to a high A+ in the US, while an E is similar to a C in the US. Yes, you read that right- each letter grade is more impressive than its American counterpart, with even an E being counted as a passing grade. Depending on your scores, you can earn the AICE Diploma at Pass level, with Merit, or with Distinction.There are 20-60 points awarded per credit. Here are the point ranges you must have in order to meet each level of distinction: AICE Diploma at Pass Level: 140-249 points AICE Diploma with Merit: 250-359 points AICE Diploma with Distinction: 360 or more points (maximum score is 420 points) If you don't earn the diploma, you can still be awarded certificates in the various subjects you took, which couldhelp you with getting into college or earning college credit. Imagine if yourto-do list for the AICE Diploma lookedthis simple. What Are the Benefits of the AICE Diploma? There are many ways that earning the AICE Diploma pays off forstudents. Here are a few of the benefitsyou should consider if you're looking intothe program. College Credit Depending on the college youdecide to attend, you can earn up to 45 hours of college credit from the AICEDiploma. Individual course certificates can also earn you college credit if you don't earn the diploma. All of thisdepends on which college you go to, though. You can check out which schools around the worldrecognize AICE at the Cambridge website. Schools in the US are much less likely to recognize AICE than they are AP scores or the IB diploma. Schools in theUS that do recognize AICE tend to cluster in Florida, and AICEis once again a more internationally minded program, with AICE recognition much more commonplace overseas. AICE is recognized at places such as Florida State University, Colorado College, the University of Oxford, and Qatar University. Scholarships In Florida, completing the diploma and 100 hours of community service automatically nets you the Florida Academic Scholarships Awardviathe Florida Bright Futures Scholarship Program. In Kentucky, you can earn a Kentucky Excellence in Education Scholarship that pays out for each E or higher you score on your exams if you're on free or reduced-price lunch. There are also various school-specific scholarships at colleges such as Mississippi State. Check with individual schools for details. Preparation for College AICE is more flexible than IB, allowing students greater choice in the balance of classes they select. If, for instance, a student wants to take four credits in languages and only one in each of the other required categories, that's completely OK! AICE also demonstrates more concern over the amount of time students spend on busywork, remaining committed- by its own declaration- to helping students learn without excessive amounts of homework. On the other hand, AICE courses are more specific in their focus than AP classes are. AP classes are known for their broad and shallow approach, whereas AICE classes narrow in on particular subjects and drill deep. In a lot of ways, AICE seems to be a happy medium between these two other college preparatory programs. Plus, according to studies by the University of Florida and University of Virginia, it also appears that AICE Diploma students earn higher GPAs in college than AP or IB students. All of this indicates that it might not be a bad idea to pursue AICE just for the preparedness factor. In fact, AICE could be a great option for your education as a whole. I'm not saying getting your AICE Diploma willdefinitelymake you feel this good- just probably. Conclusion: What Is the AICE Diploma? AICEis not currently as well known within the US as are its academic counterparts, AP and IB; however, the program definitely has its own merits. The AICE Diploma, which is overseen by the University of Cambridge,demandsthat students fulfill a number of rigorous requirements.This program can earn students recognition, credit, and scholarship moneyat certain schools, and it's also an excellent way to further your education all around. What's Next? For suggestions on when to take AICE over AP or IB, check out our complete introduction to AICE. If AICE doesn't sound like your cup of tea, head on over to our discussion of AP and IB and see which of these programs might be more appealing to you. If you're not clearon what the IB program is, we've got you covered.Take a moment to read about IB classes and the IB program as a whole. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

What is The Cash Flows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

What is The Cash Flows - Essay Example The investment must be done in those opportunities where the NPV value is highest and in this situation spending money on project Alpha will result in highest NPV. The four main investment appraisal technique methods are Payback Period (PP), Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The four main investment appraisal methods used are segmented into two techniques. Non-discounted cash flow technique includes PP and ARR and discounted cash flow technique includes NPV and IRR. Payback Period (PP) is the time acquired to equal the cash inflows and outflows. In the book ‘Financial Accounting for Decision Makers’ and ‘Accounting: An Introduction’ it is discussed that PBP method is important for future context and it is totally cash based. It is also mentioned that it ignores sunk cost and committed cost when applied (Atrill & McLaney, 2013). Payback period is simple to calculate and useful in the short-term and consider the cash flows of the projects which makes it easier to evaluate the liquidity position of the company and decisions about the investment proposals. It explains the management about the time during which investment will be recovered and how quick it could be utilized for another project. On the other hand, this method completely ignores the qualitative aspects of decision making. It is also not possible to analyze the useful life of the asset and does not consider how much cash flow will be generated after payback period is achieved. Payback period ignores the profitability of the company and decision taken on the basis of this method may cause the management to undertake a project which is not profitable. ARR is also known as return on investment and is used to make an analysis of a project, which may take at least a year long time.

Inancial assessment of Cathay Pacific Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Inancial assessment of Cathay Pacific - Essay Example al, 2008). It has also been apparently observed that the financial performance of different companies is regarded as one of the important aspects of modern business. In this age of global economic crisis, companies are more interested in managing business in such a way so that they can accomplish their respective business targets successfully. Its financial statements can determine the financial performance of any company. Various factors can affect the financial performance of companies at large. Hence, it is the responsibility of the management of different companies to detect the potential threats and ensure that their financial position remains stable. One of the major business targets of the companies is to maintain sustainable business with profitable growth. It can be seen that the financial performance of companies largely depends on the efficiency of their operations that is directly related to the performance of the employees in this present day context. In order to make it self different from other rival competitors, companies need to have a proper and efficient work force that can effectively work towards the accomplishment of the organizational goals by a considerable level. In this regard, the recruitment and retention policies of different companies seem to be quite significant in as far as goal attainment is concerned (Knight& Bertoneche, 2000; Jackson & et. al., 2011). This paper seeks to provide a clear assessment of the financial performance of Cathay Pacific within the context of the prevailing global economic climate. On top of that, the paper also seeks to develop effective plans in terms of recruitment, selection, and retention for Cathay Pacific. Company Overview Cathay Pacific is a Hong Kong based Airline Company. The company operates in 42 countries throughout the globe and it was established in 1946 in Hong Kong. Since then it has acquired a leading position in the global airline industry. The company competes with different airline co mpanies across the globe and it strives to deliver quality services to the customers. The company achieved numerous awards since its inception. In 2003, the company attained airline carrier of the year award that significantly distinguished itself from its rival competitors. The company became extremely popular for its excellent services to the customers better known as â€Å"service straight from the heart.† This unique quality of the company eventually made it one of the most reputable airline companies in the world (Cathay Pacific, n.d.; Cathay Pacific, 2011). Global Economic Climate of the Airline Industry The global economy experienced a downfall during the previous years. It can also be said that the airline industry was not spared by this global economic crisis. The rise of fuel price also had a severe impact on the airline industry. In addition, it has been further noted that the new regulations imposed by the European Union especially in the catering area as well as safety has also effected the working operations of the airline companie

Funding the Rising Cost of U.S. Health Care Essay Example for Free

Funding the Rising Cost of U.S. Health Care Essay Give your opinion of the rising cost of health care’s overall impact on the U.S. economy It is more expensive for individuals, families and employers to have health care coverage because of the rising cost. Spending on the use of new technologies, treatment, and high cost for medical services. There has also been a high cost on local, federal and state government which led to high cost on to medical and Medicaid. This spending of health care has affected the economy and now people have to choose between a need for health care of the need to have shelter, food, or not having sufficient funding. Health care spending is moving faster than the economy is growing. High health care rising cost is causing the government to re-examine eligibility for public health and rising taxes on the consumers is leading to reduce investments. The U.S. will not be able to compete in the economic global market. These rising cost in health care will affect business, house wholes, providers, employees, health status, income levels, age, and increase premiums. (Rising Health Care Costs ) http://www.ahip.org/Issues/Rising-Health-Care-Costs.aspx â€Å"Health plans are playing a vital role in reducing the cost of care and improving value†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Karen Ignagni, President CEO, Americas Health Insurance Plans Health Plan Innovations in Delivery System Reforms, American Journal of Managed Care Compared and contrasted at least two (2) areas of the economy that the new health care act impacts. Small business and middle class families are two areas that the new health care act will impact. It used to be the economic strength in the U.S. was the small business owner. Small business has been strength to the economic by bring diversified groups opportunities of people to the workforce. Small business bring products have that are innovative to the services market. Small business has been able to create new jobs for the economic. However since the housing bubble in 2007 and 2008 small businesses are struggling very hard from the bank credits. Small businesses are the back bone to job growth and innovation for the economy. Small business owners who offer health care insurance to their workers are facing a hit by heavy taxes and high premiums for the employer. Small business pays up to 18% more per worker for health insurance than larger firms. This is a tax disadvantage for small business. Which cause profits to be eaten  up by higher health insurance cost and workers working for lower wages makes the small business workers, product, and market at a disadvantage. Small business(less than 50 workers) is less likely to provided health insurance. Back in the 50s and 60s a middle class family of three could live off a one person income which was the father. Mothers were house wives and people could purchase a home, car, and have a small savings. Families could go on vacation and own a late model car. The burden for middle class families today is the high cost for health care insurance and premiums. There have been an increase in unemployment and employees are scaling back on wages. Credit card debt gone up and slow job creation. Increase in bankruptcy files, income inequality and out-sourcing of America business has been causing problems for the middle class families. This growth in health care spending has change priorities for middle class life style. With saving money, retirement benefit pension, and 401K plans shifting. Middle class person who have been working all their lives, now rick the chance of not having sufficient funds to maintain middle class life style. Will the middle class be able to retire and live a middle class style? Middle class families are not sure if there will be available income for retirement. (http://www.aarp.org/research/ppi/security/impact-of-rising-healthcare-cost-AARP) Debated the main pros and cons of using private insurance versus using the new affordable insurance.  Our population in this country has increase over the last 30 years and because of healthier life style and medical advances people are living longer. This can be a disadvantage to the patients who are using private insurance. This has put a strain on the private health insurance because most companies don’t cover previous medical conditions that cover injuries and short-term illness. Illness is something that happens on its own and worrying whether or not your condition is cover can add stress. After receiving a referral from the internal doctor the patient has to act as its own administrator who calls the insurance company to check, if the cost is cover before they can see a consultant for treatment. If you want more coverage you pay higher premiums. There also a disadvantage of having so  many private health insurance companies to pick from. Each representative only disc usses their company policies and not how their policy compares with others. Leaving the patient not knowing which one is the best offer for you. Private insurance advantages is you can choose where you want to be treated without a long wait. There are specialist teams that will deal with specifically types of conditions. There continuity cares that allows you to be seen by the same consultant until the end of your treatment. The new affordable insurance covers families, small business, and individuals with the cost assistance through the market place program. There are no limits on life time health care which this will cut down on large medical bills for long term illness. This will keep people out of debt. If you make a mistake on your application or if you are sick an insurance company can’t drop you. A person with pre-existing condition can’t be denied care or charge a higher premium. The new affordable insurance allows for parents to keep their children on their plan until the age 26 years old whether they live at home, married, or attend school. The affordable insurance has free preventive care for checkups, well woman visits, mange care to control chronic illness before they become costly to treat or complex. http://obmacarefacts.com/benefitsofobamacare.php) OBMA CARE FACTS dispelling the myths Analyzed the major impact this new health care system may have on different immigrant demographics; Predicted the cost associated with the changing the accommodation to facilities having to review organizational planning in order to actualize these changes

Essay --

Personal Statement I have always had a great passionate for art and it never ending creation. I have always been fascinated with structures, sketch, designs, and many more, so therefore picking architecture as a career option will be the best career pathway for me. This is because it full faith the passionate that I have for art and design. Architecture is very graceful job as it takes into consideration both nature and nurture and this is the key motive why I would love to become an architect. Art has been one of the subjects which I enjoy the most and in my free time I like to research and develop my skills of fine art. I have a great interest in Art and Design which through out my educational career; I have learnt and developed my knowledge of fine art and 3d work. I have researched and worked on the bases which fine artist like Pablo Picasso or Van Gogh who were famous for their outstanding paintings and also worked in the way Kate Malone has presented fine pots which represents fruit and living objects. I have worked in these fields which the great artists have done and by following them and creating my own style of work which has given me the experience of the way these artists worked. I have an enormous interest in 3D work and one of my art works which I have done, a 76cm vases made from clay, then designed and craft apples and oranges around. This piece has been one of the successful works I have done. While building this large vase I have recognised that I have a c reation with 3D work and basing this to my career. During the experience I have learnt to use colour, still life, live drawings, 3D work, ink painting, oil painting and many more. Apart from Art and Design, I like to study about the world we live in, how we ... ...d. While working at D&A I have gained the knowledge of working within an organisation and following leaders or team member’s instructions. I have search to work in Architecture fields within an organisation and I was able to get into a business called ‘Hopkins Architects Ltd’ location near Marylebone Road which has happily offered me a place at summer to work. Through this work experience I will be able to understand and explore the work of creation and invention to make someone world come true. I aim for the best of my educational path and to expand my possibility in the field of Architecture. I recognise that been an Architect has a difficult stages but I aim to challenge the course and to become a professional Architect through your university. I aim to bring success to my career and to your university and I look forward with enjoyment to the challenges ahead.

One child policy of China Essay

The issue of population growth has been one of the major problems faced by world over past century. The exponential population growth, popularly termed as population explosion, has led to unprecedented rise in human population, which has numerically grown by over 4 billion to 6 billion in the last hundred years itself. This enormous growth in human numbers has spawned social and economical problems of severe complexity, especially considering the fact that most of this growth has happened in economically underdeveloped countries of Asian and African region, particularly India and China, both of whom have seen their population growing past a billion mark. Supporting such huge number of ever rising population is indeed a challenge for any country, as natural resources threaten to run short, and economic privations become a general norm. Under such circumstances, population control becomes a necessary government objective, the validity, importance and meaningfulness of which are undisputable from environmental, economic and social angels. However, population control policies have always generated controversies from humanitarian and ethical viewpoints, the most noted example of them being the population control policy of People’s Republic of China that restricts couples to having just one child (Xue, 1996). Although highly effective under China’s strict state policies, it is indeed an extreme measure that has invited criticism from all over the world because for its forceful rather than coercive implications. Issues involved As stated earlier, unchecked rise in population is indeed an invitation to complex and unmanageable problems that no nation state can handle irrespective of its size and resources. However, the issues involved with China’s one child policy are very complicated and affect some basic concepts of right to life and existence China launched its aggressive family planning scheme in mid of 1970s when suddenly its policy makers realized the dangers of a rapidly growing population that had reached one billion mark by 1980s (Smith, 1991). In the previous two decades the government had failed to take in cognizance of growing population due to stability and improvement economic conditions, availability of medical facilities, medicines and drop in child mortality. More ominously, as demographers realized, the rapid growth of population in previous decades implied that by 1980 more than half the population was approaching marriage age, which meant that even under decreasing fertility rate, the Chinese population would reach 1. 4 billion by end of the century (White, 2003). This realization launched Chinese policy makers and government in a frenetic attempt to implement some of the strictest population measures that included a one-child policy per couple to contain the population under 1. 2 billion (Richards, 1996). This draconian measure was explained and justified from various social and economical angels, one of which was arguable shortage of cultivable land (Smith, 1991). As government argued, the cultivable land per person had come down from . 20 hectare in 1949 to . 10 hectare in 1980 due to almost doubling of population in the same period and hence the ensuing crisis demanded critical measures (ibid). Moreover the state infrastructure and its capacity to support such large population, provide adequate medical and educational facilities and ensure jobs for it would become increasingly difficult. As claimed by supporters of the one child policy, the policy was merely concerned with providing economic incentives and preferential treatment to families with one child such as paid pregnancy leave, lucrative salary bonus, and state sponsored or free educational and medical facilities, facilities that families with more than one child lack. Further disincentives created for larger families include financial penalty on birth of second and third child that are respectively 20 and 30 percent of the annual income of the family (Richards, 1996). The policy was tooth and nail opposed by a large proportion of Chinese people, and especially by those in rural areas but government decided to continue with it seeing its possible benefit in controlling the population question. One of the main problems disturbing Chinese leaders was China’s low GNP and very simple calculations showed them that to increase GNP in the longer run, they required to reduce or contain the number of people, which was the easy way against the hard route that involved working towards increasing the economic output (Feng, 1996). Containing population growth was presented was the single panacea that could increase per capita income, help achieve modernization plans, give impetus to the economy and solve the problem of additional resource requirements that rising population presented (Feng, 1996). The one child policy is considered officially successful and instrumental in significantly reducing birth rates, fertility rates, growth rates and death rates and its expected that soon the population would began to decline at a faster rate as children born after the implementation of the policy would have less desire to have a family of more than one child (Richards). Also to wash off its hand from the negative effect of the policy, such as increased number of female feticide, and suicides among Chinese females, the government insistently attributed them to backward and obsolete Chinese culture and customs. Conclusion Despite the claims of the supporters and the official government, it cannot be denied that the very concept of the one child policy involves flagrant violations of the rights to live, procreate and live socially. In its zeal to implement the policy, Chinese authorities permitted such extreme measures as forcible abortions and sterilization, which were openly illegal in every humanitarian statute (Xue and Xiaokang, 1996). By making childbearing an illegal act, the government forcibly tried to change the demographic dynamics with dangerous social consequences that threatens to create a mundane and homogenous society bereft of any relation except parents and in-laws. Also the one child policy triggered a large number of female-infanticide that threatened to dangerously alter male-female sex ratio in China. Of course the most cruel fate was reserved for those who were born outside this policy, that is the second and third child of the family who were denied any state support and facility in a perfectly state controlled society. In the wake of an economically prospering and comparatively stabilized China, it’s the call of the hour for Chinese government to finally abandon and bury its anti-people one child policy and work on creation of a more informed society.

Quality Control and Nissan

Milennia Atlantic University Operations Management Juan Hernandez Adriana Rosales NISSAN Introduction Nissan was the sixth largest automaker in the world behind  General Motors,  Volkswagen Group,  Toyota,  Hyundai Motor Group, and  Ford  in 2011. It formerly marketed vehicles under the â€Å"Datsun† brand name. As of 2011, the company's global headquarters is located in  Nishi-ku, Yokohama. In 1999, Nissan entered a two way alliance with  Renault S. A. of France, which owns 43. 4% of Nissan while Nissan holds 15% of Renault shares, as of 2008.Along with its normal range of models, Nissan also produces a range of luxury models branded as  Infiniti. Jidosha-Seizo Kabushiki-Kaisha had been established in December 1933. The company's new name, adopted in June 1934, was an abbreviation for Nippon Sangyo, a â€Å"zaibatsu†Ã‚  (or holding company) belonging to Tobata's founder, Yoshisuke Aikawa. Nissan produced its first Datsun (a descendant of the Dat Car, a small, boxy passenger vehicle designed by Japanese automotive pioneer Masujiro Hashimoto that was first produced in 1914) at its Yokohama plant in April 1935. The company began exporting cars to Australia that same year.Beginning in 1938 and lasting throughout  World War II, Nissan converted entirely from producing small passenger cars to producing trucks and military vehicles. Allied occupation forces seized much of Nissan's production operations in 1945 and didn't return full control to Nissan until a decade later. In 1960, Nissan became the first Japanese automaker to win the Deming Prize for engineering excellence. New Datsun models like the Bluebird (1959), the Cedric (1960) and the Sunny (1966) helped spur Nissan sales in Japan and abroad, and the company experienced phenomenal growth over the course of the  1960s.Nissan has a broad variety of teams focused on building strategies for almost every aspect of Operations Management study, this research shows once more the ou tstanding performance of this company on every aspect of its management. Product and Services 1. Automotive Components Business. Supplies domestic Nissan plants and affiliated component makers with parts and materials from overseas and also exports components to Nissan's overseas facilities. From product development to final delivery, the business' diverse management capabilities enable it to provide invaluable support to the range of clients it proudly serves.The more the global sourcing of automotive components progresses, the more important the logistics efficiency becomes. Nissan’s branches and affiliated companies spread worldwide have warehouses which store inventory of auto parts in order to drastically shorten the lead-time of logistics, as if the foreign parts were purchased domestically, and they have solutions that will fit customer' various needs including emergency orders by utilizing their production control system and know-how as to how to supply the vehicle pr oduction lines with the minimum inventory. . Machinery Business. Nissan’s machinery business is focused on improving domestic, export, import and intermediary trade to meet customer needs and increasing global demand, while continuing to strengthen the relationship with customers and partners. This involves a wide range of categories, such as various kinds of machinery facility, tooling die, plant exportation, MRO (maintenance, repair & operations) parts, jig fixtures, pallets, cutting tools and various consumer goods for automotive distributors.The services offered by Nissan provide a high level of support, including planning support for all kinds of production, optimum purchase in the most suitable country, export & import, delivery & installation, full-turn key services up to the commencement of production and supply spare parts, etc. 3. Chemicals Business. This business handles a diverse range of products including organic and inorganic chemicals, petrochemicals, high per formance and new materials and alloys for the aerospace industry, tailored to customer requirements through sales consultations and customized proposals.In addition, Chemical Business endeavors to develop and supply materials that meet the individual specifications of customers. In addition to dealing with raw materials for resin components used in automobiles, such as general purpose resin, engineering plastic, coatings, adhesives and automotive chemicals, raw materials and seats, instrument panels, leather for door trims, and fabrics are also sold. The purchasing and selling of resin cast components, etc. s done globally. The company is also involved in resin colorization and the outsourcing of logistics alongside our existing business of buying and selling raw and prepared materials. We have gained high marks both from our distributors and suppliers that manufacture the materials for both manufacturing functions and stock logistics. Not only do we focus on expanding domestically, but also on expanding into the global market.Nissan is strongly committed towards environmental conservation by recycling resin components, such as automobile bumpers, and associating its business operation with vendors that also recycle resin. In recent years, Nissan has expanded towards third-country trading with the aim of building a framework that will offer the best materials and prices globally in order to streamline the buying and selling of materials through global SCM, along with the manufacturing of products. 4.Energy and Materials Business. Since the company was established in 1979, it has been involved with the buying and selling of various fuels and lubricants for vessels. In addition to the components that Nissan Trading currently supplies for vessels to various regions of the world, our company has expanded to supplying fuel and lubricants to the key industries that began with Nissan Motor, offering retail services such as gas cards, as well as importing and exportin g various materials for automobiles.The company has also taken steps towards environmental conservation during automobile production by handling biomass fuel. The energy and materials business supports distribution and manufacturing industries through the supply of fuel to factories in Japan and to cargo ships and tankers at major ports worldwide. Also manages a gasoline card system that allows the purchase fuel and have the cost deducted from their monthly salary. Materials such as coke and raw iron are sold to Nissan Motors, foundries and manufacturers of precious metals, etc.In order to collectively increase the corporate awareness of environmental conservation and promote the importance of recycling, they reuse scrap generated from the manufacturing of automobiles and reuse precious metals that are extracted from production waste resulting from the manufacture of stainless steel. 5. Steel Business. Established in 1981 with the aim of providing steel and steel products necessary for automotive production by Nissan Motor, steel business started by delivering steel sheets to Nissan Motor's Kyushu Plant and Nissan's? omponent suppliers. Currently, their main steel operation is to supply steel sheets to all of Nissan's? domestic plants. At Kyushu area, they operate advanced SCM to support our customers through our logistics company. Their overseas business started in 1988 by exporting steel from Japan to Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK). Nowadays, these operations cover many countries where Nissan has plants and these plants are served through imports, exports and third-country trading.Through offering a wide variety of materials besides steel sheets, such as special steel alloy for engine components, steel bars, steel pipes, and aluminum sheet essential for light-weight cars, a vast amount of expertise in materials procurements has been accumulated. Nissan is also taking an important role to provide experimental steel materials for new development of cars. Niss an Trading's steel businesses will continue to grow and progress to meet rising demand from Nissan Motor's global expansion. 6. Vehicles Group.The vehicle group is expanding the sales of Nissan vehicles in South and Central America, Asia, Africa, and the rest of the world. The group also imports vehicles and accessories and oversees the shipment of non-Japanese-made vehicles to other countries. The Vehicles Group began its operation in 1978 with the purpose of supporting Nissan Motor’s export businesses. Based on unique experience and expertise, Nissan is now providing solution to the vehicles demand of the United Nations and taking care at the same time of marketing and sales to certain individual countries in Asia, Oceania and Africa.For all these customers, their service is not limited to just selling cars, but providing marketing, logistic and financial solution as well. This function is unique but established as an integral part of Nissan Motor’s overseas operatio n. 7. Non-Ferrous Metals Business. This business handles both Light and Precious Metals. With Light Metal operation, it strives to offer a steady supply of materials to customers, such as aluminum bullion for raw materials, aluminum alloy bullion, aluminum base metal, including aluminum scrap to Nissan Motor, aluminum component manufacturers and aluminum alloy manufacturers within its global network.In an increasingly demanding market, Nissan offers more fuel-efficient automobiles with the help of miniaturization and improved reusability of aluminum. The Precious Metals operation also imports precious metals at an optimal price domestically and internationally, and then offers a steady supply of these materials, such as platinum, palladium and rhodium, in response to the growing demand for automobile catalysts brought upon legislation that continues to tighten vehicle emissions. Aluminum alloys are increasingly gaining importance in vehicle manufacturing.This business supplies these products in the form of panels, rods and ingots, and also handles a variety of precious metal. The automotive industry is making greater efforts to use and recycle these metals and other raw materials, reflecting the community’s concern for the world’s limited resources. As the trend of ? â€Å"Producing Eco-Friendly Vehicles† Vehicles? h continues to gain momentum worldwide, the role of our Precious Metals operation will continue to grow in importance. Design and product development processNissan uses an automatic cutting machine. With the better accuracy afforded by evolving CAD systems, data reproduction once done entirely by hand was automated using this machine. A machine for automated measurement of vehicles is also used. In this way, the conventional clay model-based designing formerly used by Nissan has now shifted to digital data-centered design development. Usually, design development is done three to four years prior to the launch, so it is difficult as designers need to forecast the future social trends and customer needs.Recently, the study and design of Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) based on ergonomics (the study of how a workplace or equipment can best be designed for comfort, safety, efficiency and productivity) is a well-established practice for this company. Nissan has been actively researching human-vehicle interfaces since the 1990s. Watanabe, for example, handled instrument panel design for the Infiniti J30 (Leopard J-Ferry), Laurel and Cefiro, and proposed applying â€Å"universal design† in concept cars in the late '90s.Over the past decade, the concept of â€Å"universal design† has come into general parlance for products that are easy for anyone to use, regardless of physical limitations. Nissan took the universal-design concept a step further in 2005, embracing the concept of â€Å"Interaction Design† so that customers will feel that every part of a car works smoothly and attractively. And w hile creating HMIs is usually Research and Development territory, at Nissan it's a priority of the Design Department as well. The involvement of both the Design and R;D Divisions in developing universal design is unique to Nissan. Interaction Design,† can be divided into three areas: – Interfaces: Instruments and graphical user interfaces, like navigation systems, door handles, switches, lighting, etc. – Interior colors and materials – Perceived quality: Individual part textures, joints between parts, etc. The R&D and Design departments pay close attention to these factors in the design of every Nissan vehicle. In 2005, Nissan started a project to create revolutionary car interiors that are easier to use, l leading to the BUI (Best Usability Interior) concept car.Furthermore, in the development stage, Nissan designs their products to avoid using environmentally harmful substances in their construction and make them easier to recycle. Additionally, to reduc e the use of nonrenewable resources, they give consideration to the use of recycled plastics, other recycled materials, and renewable bio-materials. However, Nissan is also examining the possibility of recycling plastic parts from end-of-life products and using this material for new products, searching for ways to overcome the technical challenge of maintaining quality.At the present moment digital data is now mainly used in design development and the role of the clay model is to verify the data. However, no matter how advanced the digital technology, such as virtual reality, may be in the future, cars will continue to be used in the real world. It will not change. Digital data is reproduced three-dimensionally and designers and modelers form attractive shapes and designs with their senses of eyes and hands. Human sensibility continues to be essential to producing emotional designs. Competitive PrioritiesIn operations management one of the most important aspects when evaluating a bu siness strategy or the productivity of a business process are the competitive priorities of the company. In 1984 Hayes and Wheelwright suggested that companies compete in the marketplace by virtue of cost, quality, flexibility, and lead-time (Institute for manufacturing. University of Cambridge). Cost: Some of the aspects that are involved in this classification are:  · Manufacturing cost.  · Value added.  · Selling price. Running cost – cost of keeping the product running.  · Service cost – cost of servicing the product.  · Profit. Nissan approach cost control in Japan utilizing target costing principles that shares some of the elements of just such a strategic approach, but its transplant operations create distinctive problems for cost control. To explain briefly this point we can quote Nissan Motor Company U. K, which was case in study by Chris Carr and Julia Ng about â€Å"Total cost control: Nissan and its U. K supplier partnerships†.This case, in order to analyze the major capital budgeting decisions, the Director of the U. K Finance clarified that Nissan likewise emphasized â€Å"strategic rather than economic factors†, and that this had also been the case in the parent company’s original decision to invest in the U. K. The following chart show how Nissan Motor Manufacturing U. K controlling their costs from the raw material is gotten. Mission and Strategy The mission of Nissan Motor Company to enrich lives with measurable value begins with a Customer Promise that guides employee actions and decisions.Nissan provides unique and innovative automotive products and services that deliver superior measurable values to all stakeholders* in alliance with Renault. Nissan Power 88 identifies six strategies as levers we will use to achieve results according to plan. Pillar 1: Brand power To strengthen Nissan's brand power, we will expand our strengths in engineering and production to the sales, marketing and ownership experience. We will also raise the level of interaction with our customers to create a orld-class standard of service that will help us build lasting relationships with every Nissan and Infiniti vehicle customer. We recognize that having a stronger brand will help close gaps with our top competitors in every measurable area, from revenue generation to overall opinion and purchase intention. Pillar 2: Sales power Sales power in the mid-term plan refers to fully grasping the needs of customers in each market and drastically raising sales volume and market share. Nissan currently has 6,000 major points of sales globally. We will expand our retail network to 7,500 outlets in the mid-term plan period.Nissan is now the leading Japanese brand in China, Russia and Mexico and is on track to become the largest volume Asian brand in Europe by fiscal 2016. We are focusing our efforts to boost sales power in Japan and the United States, as well as in the ASEAN region. Pillar 3: Enhancing quality Nissan aims to make steady progress in improving product quality. During Nissan Power 88, our aim is to raise Nissan into the top group of global automakers in product quality and to elevate Infiniti to leadership status among peer luxury products by fiscal 2016. Pillar 4: Zero-emission leadershipNo other global automaker is as engaged in comprehensive activities to advance the entire system needed to make sustainable mobility a reality. Nissan is taking a leadership role in every aspect, from the development of batteries, chargers and a vehicle lineup to electric grid studies, battery recycling and the use of batteries for energy storage. In 2011, Nissan will take the lead as the all-time volume leader in dedicated electric vehicle sales. The Renault-Nissan Alliance is bringing seven more all-electric models to follow the successful launch of the Nissan LEAF. TheAlliance intends to put 1. 5 million electric vehicles on roads worldwide by 2016. Nissan's emphasis on sustainable mobi lity also encompasses the range of low-carbon and lowemission technologies that support PURE DRIVE. For example, our proprietary hybrid technology will be tailored to future Nissan and Infiniti models, and our next-generation Xtronic Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) will increase fuel efficiency in future Nissan vehicles and maintain our status as the global leader in CVT technology. Pillar 5: Business expansion In 1999, Nissan's global market share was 4. %. In 2010, Nissan achieved a record 5. 8%. For fiscal 2016, we are targeting a global share of 8%, supported by a steady tempo of a new product launch on average every six weeks, a continued focus on growth markets, and the expansion of our Infiniti and light commercial vehicle businesses. We will concentrate on increasing our presence in Brazil, India and Russia, as well as in the next wave of emerging markets, including the ASEAN 5-Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. Nissan is the top Japanese ca r maker in China with a 6. % market share, and China will continue to be Nissan's largest single global market into the plan. In 2012, we will have nearly doubled our production capacity, to 1. 2 million units, and we will further increase our capacity to be in line with our goal of 10% market share. With our partner Dong Feng, we will continue to invest in more products and dealers and together build our new local brand, Venucia. In North America, we will invest to expand our manufacturing capacity and retain our number-one position in Mexico, where Nissan leads the market with a 23. 1% share.In Brazil, where we have 1. 2% market share, we target a minimum of 5% market share. We will build a new plant in Brazil, with a capacity of 200,000 units as a first step. In Europe, Nissan will become the largest volume Asian brand. In Russia, we aim to increase Nissan's market share to 7% by 2016. In India, we will add five new models to be built in the new Alliance plant in Chennai, and we will continue to expand our dealer network. In ASEAN, Nissan Motor Thailand now serves as a strategic industrial base and export hub, and we are concentrating on growth in Indonesia.We are increasing the annual production capacity of our plant near Jakarta from 50,000 to 100,000 units to meet local demand. We aim to increase our share in the ASEAN 5 from 5% today to 15% by 2016. Pillar 6: Cost leadership Since we implemented the Nissan Revival Plan, we have been successful in reducing costs by 5% annually, due mainly to cross-functional monozukuri activities involving our supplier base. As our production footprint is increasingly global, we will maintain this pace by enhancing and deepening these activities in every Nissan production base across the regions, particularly in North America, China, India and Russia.By increasing the use of carry-over/carry-across parts and systems, we will further boost overall platform efficiency. Platform and product synergies will be developed with all our partners, especially in small and medium vehicle segments. And with the additional growth in volume, we expect to realize greater cost efficiency. Evaluating not only purchased parts but also logistics and in-house costs, we have set an objective to reduce the total cost by 5% each year. In Japan, we will raise our yen revenue through increased vehicle sales and reduce our yen-based costs through greater localization of parts supply to overseas plants.Enhancing our monozukuri activities in Japan and across the regions is key to our cost-reduction efforts. Through these activities, we will maintain our commitment to produce 1 million vehicles per year in Japan. Leveraging Partner Strengths Nissan's performance will be enhanced by leveraging 12 years of successful collaboration within the Renault-Nissan Alliance and its five established and productive partnerships. Through the Alliance's strategic cooperation with Daimler, Nissan will benefit from diesel engine and power train technologies, including a supply of Mercedes-Benz engines for Infiniti vehicles.With AvtoVAZ in Russia, the Alliance will take a 40% share in the Russian market, with investments in products and localized manufacturing and sourcing. Our partnership with Dong Feng is critical to our reaching 10% market share in China. With Ashok-Leyland in India, Nissan has a partner in the development and manufacture of light commercial vehicles. And with Mitsubishi, we expanded the scope of our cooperation to develop a new mini car joint venture. The Right Plan for Nissan's FutureIn the global automotive industry, Nissan leads in zero-emission mobility, we lead in many emerging markets and we lead in the number of stable, productive partnerships we have established to improve our competitive position. Going forward, our aim is to enhance our brand power, sales power and the quality of our products and services and to continue to lead the way in advancing sustainable mobility and mobility for all. This is what Nissan Power 88 is about, and we are eager to get started and to deliver the full potential of this company. Global operation StrategyNissan Motors global strategy involves its aim to become an industry leader in zero-emission vehicles and to cultivate developing markets with low-cost global cars. As part of zero-emission environmental friendly vehicles, it would be beginning with the launching of the new electric vehicles (EVs) which would be powered by advanced lithium-ion batteries to be jointly developed with electronic maker NEC Corp. The EV to be introduced will have a unique body style on an all-new vehicle platform which would be compact for the city, yet big enough to carry five adults.Importantly, it will be thoroughly usable with brisk performance and a range of 160 kms. It will have the performance of a typical 1. 6-litre petrol-engine car while recharging from a high voltage source will restore 80 per cent of the battery capacity in around 30 minutes. The c ompany with its alliance partner Renault, which holds 44% stake in it, has been developing partnerships with various governments and specialist companies to build a sustainable mobility network and create public awareness towards EVs as its preparing for marketing them on a mass scale.Various understanding has been signed with electricity companies, charging station suppliers and governments to promote the concept of zero emission mobility and provide infrastructure support, craft legislation or offer incentives such as tax relief, parking or toll rebates for EV buyers (Source: The Japan Times online, May 14, 2008). Cultivating developing markets with low-cost global cars, Nissan is globally launching its new small car on a fresh global platform.The common global platform strategy is part of Nissan's endeavour to produce a host of cars, be it hatchbacks or sedans, across five countries in which thus far India, China and Thailand have been identified as key manufacturing locations. T he new small car, touted as a replacement for the Micra, will first go into production in Thailand with shipping out key components from India and then later on the production would be from India. Planning and Management Project We set out to first help Nissan define meaningful and measurable objectives for the project.The rollout’s objectives were to: 1 Deliver a consistent Nissan brand image at all dealerships 2 implement a cost effective program that supports improvement in the business operations of Nissan and the dealer 3 continually improve the program of work being delivered 4 proactively manage each project to ensure completed schemes complied with defined standards Build a high performing team The project entailed working with and managing 600 individual teams – thousands of stakeholders including dealers, local architects, general contractors, subcontractors and materials suppliers.A central Core Team and a Programme Management Office inside Nissan headquarte rs supported Regional Project Managers in the field. We then implemented communication systems to capture learning and build a team of informed, committed stakeholders. Actively manage communications Although communication management was complex due to the geographic diversity and numerous stakeholders, actively collecting and disseminating consistent data ensured that stakeholders had the detail they needed to make quick and informed decisions, whenever the situation required.We opened a digital listening center in Chennai to listen for all the Internet chatter about Nissan or Infiniti, sorting it into categories, and allowing us to react to the real and instantaneous voice of the customer. If someone tweets something about Nissan, we’re listening, and hopefully we’ll react to that. The quicker the reaction, the more you can reinforce that the Brand is very trustful. Balance flexibility and control Due to the varying locations, codes and construction practices, Nissan ’s rebrand had to be flexible but consistent.A customised programme infrastructure incorporated the initiative into Nissan’s other business processes, significantly improving scope control – ultimately we reduced the number of change requests and variances by nearly 20 percent. Use information and innovation to reduce costs To keep the utmost control of costs we developed tools and strategies to tailor our knowledge to this specific programme. For example, an NREDI facility cost calculator was developed to provide a way for people without a cost estimating background to produce quick and reliable NREDI cost stimates, while a bespoke system was developed to capture projected and actual costs from the construction industry and individual projects. Active value engineering enabled us to reduce the cost of construction from the original prototype design by 20 percent without compromising the brand appearance, and we maintained a net construction cost at 2002 price l evels for over five years despite inflationary pressures of around 20 percent in that time. Workshops with team members also generated over 100 ideas to improve the value and quality of the programme.These insights contributed to an additional $40 million real cost savings over the life of the programme. In fiscal year 2012, the firm will introduce 15 new technologies. Examples of new technologies are as following. †¢ Multi-Sensing System which is built on the Around View Monitor image processing technology is now advanced to detect moving objects and notify the driver. †¢ Next generation XTRONIC CVT. Nissan is the recognized global leader in CVTs and this latest generation provides a fuel-economy benefit of up to 10% compared to the current model.We are introducing a large number of innovative technologies. Actively manage quality The NREDI design contained a number of complex components and new products. Through the development of benchmarking documents and active qualit y control checks we had very few issues with the facility branded products. Not to have had recalls or other serious product issues on a programme of this size and duration was an unusual accomplishment. We also developed a range of benchmarking guidance documents which rapidly educated contractors on quality standards and know-how for new products, to further mitigate quality problems.Keep a close eye on the entire supply chain A particular issue for this programme was the maintenance of a robust supply chain. We developed a three tier supply chain system, using separate contracting strategies and tools to deliver a flexible solution. The system was tested in 2009, when Nissan’s signage supplier (with a portfolio of around 200 active projects) filed for bankruptcy. Activating our contingency plan, the team worked with Nissan’s procurement and legal teams to respond to the emergency without major cost implications, delays or adverse effect on individual deals.Quality o f Products Product quality is what allows customers to drive their cars in comfort and with peace of mind over a long period. To enable real improvements in product quality, not only design phase and production phase, but also through robust partnership with suppliers, Nissan is improving its quality component by component. Nissan conducts follow-up inspections on vehicles that have been in the market for several years to gauge their durability. Reinforce both design and production to cut the number of defects occurring within three months of purchase.Upgrading design quality Cars have a vast number of parts. About 65 percent of them have zero defects in the past, and from remaining 35 percent have caused problems. Enhancing design quality before production begins is one crucial way to increase the percentage of products without problems to the maximum level. Increasing the precision of components in the design diagram raises the quality of those that go into mass production. Nissan uses a method called design review (DR) to develop higher-quality parts.During the DR process, design experts work together to review the potential risks for each parts, and devise ways to prevent problems proactively. Nissan has adopted a new DR method that allows quicker and more accurate design inspections. This has extensively expanded the DR area, and bolstered the development of more problem-free parts. Certified personnel conduct these quick DR sessions. The number of people with this certification has been gradually increasing worldwide, so we are better able to apply DR to numerous parts. Pushing production quality higherPrecision testing equipment is an integral part of the production process at every Nissan plant and production line. Digital technology, such as laser measurement, is used to verify precision assembly and paint condition, which are then evaluated through road testing. Our environmental test chambers can accurately reproduce subtle regional differences in t emperature extremes of and road conditions. This enables us to scrupulously safeguard against problems flowing out of the factory. To produce problem-free parts, we carry out inspections at the design diagram stage.So that we never overlook even the slightest vibration, every parts used in every model undergoes immediate testing. The Weatherproof vibrator can be calibrated to simulate various temperature and road surface conditions. By testing here, we can proactively prevent road noise and other problems different driving environments can create. Cutting the defect rate with these preferred suppliers Nissan's network of parts suppliers is expanding throughout the world. To ensure that we always receive quality parts from them, we apply rankings to each supplier and deal only with the ones that maintain a certain ranking.Nissan is working with these preferred suppliers to cut the defect rate. * How Nissan ensures quality assurance together with our suppliers. Using rapid response to cut the breakdown ratio A breakdown is a malfunction serious enough to persuade the driver to stop and call for road service assistance. In many cases the car cannot be driven at all. In other instances, the car may be drivable but doing so would be unwise, such as having a window that will not close properly when the weather is extremely cold. The breakdown ratio in Japan is low, and it is also declining worldwide.In Europe, however, where many people drive for long distances or keep cars for a long time, breakdowns are a serious problem. In 2008, Nissan set up Shift Quality Teams in Germany, France, the U. K. , Spain and Russia to monitor these breakdowns. Within twenty minutes of receiving a report of a breakdown, the Nissan team in the country is dispatched to the site to deal with the problem. The causes and remedies of breakdowns that occur in Europe are immediately incorporated into Nissan car designs worldwide, further reducing the breakdown ratio of Nissan vehicles.Quick r esponse has cut the countermeasure time for defect parts. When a Nissan customer's car has to undergo repairs or needs parts replaced, we probe the cause to prevent similar problems. In addition to using improved parts at the factory, we also have to supply the market with replacement parts. We established a system to radically reduce the time from preparing the defect parts to collecing them. Even when the defect rate is low or the causes are difficult to probe, this allows us to resolve problems at an early stage.Nissan's Field Quality Centers operate flat-out to deal with the following: * Defects that occur within three months after a car is purchased * Defect ratio of components obtained from suppliers * Breakdown ratio * The time between when a defect occurs in the field until replacement parts are developed. The above all have one thing in common: they are handled by our Field Quality Centers (FQCs). Three of these centers were established in 2007 in Japan, the U. S. and Europ e to respond more rapidly to problems occurring in the field, and FQCs are expanding more and more In other regions.Defect parts are collected from the market quickly and in quantities as large as possible. Nissan design and production staff work with representatives from our suppliers to probe the cause of the problems and come up with solutions. We plan to expand this type of joint analysis into defect parts. * Field Quality Centers-the mecca of quality improvement At a Field Quality Center, Nissan design and production staff and supplier representatives investigate the cause together and work out countermeasures. Just in Time (JIT)There are 3 principles of JIT systems that involve a manufacturing process, which are waste minimization and elimination, total quality control and involvement of people. Under this concept, Nissan decided implement a new system to fabric the products (in this case vehicles) in a plant in Smyrna, TN. This system was designed to synchronize output, estab lish a standardized work pace and monitor equipment conditions while continuously storing production data because Nissan had as main objective synchronizing flow, JIT manufacturing and optimizing production.With a just-in-time approach, specific vehicles and their components are produced just-in-time to meet the demand for them. Sub-assemblies move into the final assembly plant just as final assemblers are ready to work on them, components arrive just in time to be installed, and so on. In this way, the amount of cash tied up in stocks and in work-in-progress is kept to a minimum, as is the amount of space devoted to costly warehousing rather than to revenue-generating production. Nissan's just-in-time process depends not on human frailty but on machine precision. Every vehicle is monitored automatically throughout each stage of production.A transponder attached to the chassis leg contains all of a vehicle's production data e. g. its required colour, specification and trim. This tri ggers sensors at various points along the production line thus updating the records. When, for example, the transponder sends a message to the production system at a supplying company to produce a seat in a particular colour and trim, this triggers the relevant response and a seat to the required specification is produced. Further along the production line the specifically produced seat arrives to meet the vehicle to which it belongs – just in time.Supply Chain Design and Control Supply Chain is highly dynamic department that deals with complex supply chains and responds to volatile demand patterns. The role of SCM is key for Nissan in securing supply to support demand, and ensuring we can deliver on our aim of having the â€Å"RIGHT car, at the RIGHT time, in the RIGHT place† for every customer†¦ and of course, â€Å"at the RIGHT cost†. SCM sits in between Manufacturing and Sales, and plays a pivotal role in balancing the often-conflicting drivers of Suppl y and Demand. Life in SCM is never dull.The roles include leading the supply planning for specific production sources, managing our inventory control processes, developing mid-term strategic progression of the supply chain, planning and implementing system and process developments, or dealing with the complexities of an increasingly complex parts supply chain. Nissan realized the benefits of an integrated supply chain and wanted a system to: * Reduce excess stock in the pipeline * Improve customer service by: * Reducing the lead time between placing an order for a vehicle to its delivery * Tracking an order from placement to delivery Provide direct access to manufacturing systems for dealers and distributors, enabling the provision of more accurate information Inventory control Nissan as a company that import and export products and services around the world needs to be prepared to the demand that they drive. The inventory control is a vital tool to supply the whole chain of market because it meet demand, keep operations running, lead time (such as Nissan in Smyrna, Tennessee, that maintain low levels of inventory), hedge, quantity discount, and smoothing requirements. In Nissan there are no raw materials or works in progress stored as inventory.The only inventory that is kept is finished goods. One example of this can be the inventory for cars because they take a list of all the new and used cars that are in the system is printed out while a list from the Nissan Corporation is printed out as well. Both print outs are compared and at the end, any adjustments are made in order to match the statement from the corporation means, Nissan bases its production on demand showing the company’s annual reports, and uses storages to facilitate the access to the inventory in each one of the plants of the corporation. Forecast We expect our global sales to reach 5,350,000 units, an increase of 10. %, which is another record level for Nissan. With a TIV assumption of 79,700,000 units, a 5. 3 % increase year-on-year, our global market share is expected to grow from 6. 4% to 6. 7%. During fiscal 2012, we will completely renew three of our large volume global models. The first was the new Altima which had been revealed at the New York International Auto Show in April 2012. In total, we will launch ten all-new vehicles in fiscal 2012 including the Pathfinder, Sylphy/Sentra, NV350 and a long wheelbase version of the Infiniti M sedan. In Japan, Nissan plans to sell 690,000 units in fiscal 2012, which will be increase of 5. % from fiscal 2011. Fifth generation Cima was launched in April. In China, Nissan will get 1,350,000 units sales, 8. 3% sales volume growth in fiscal 2012. In addition to all-new Sylphy and our new Chinese local brand model, Venucia D50 were launched. Another Venucia model will be launched. In North America, Nissan assume 1,520,000 units sales, 8. 3% growth of sales volume from prior year. In Europe, Nissan will plan 1. 0% sales vol ume growth with 720,000 units sales. Nissan plan to grow up significantly in other regions. 29. 6% growth, 1,070,000 units sales is planned in other regions.